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XBL STRESSER: If you would like to contact us, we can be contacted at XBLStresser@hackermail.com. We are currently only accepting private memberships. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Stress, either physiological or biological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. Stress is the body's method of reacting to a condition such as a threat, challenge or physical and psychological barrier. Stimuli that alter an organism's environment are responded to by multiple systems in the body. In humans and most mammals, the autonomic. A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event seen as causing stress to an organism. Psychologically speaking, a stressor can be events or environments that individuals might consider demanding, challenging, and/or threatening individual safety.

We all live with it each day. But how do you react to daily stress? For some people, life's stressors cause them to become irritable, short-tempered, or unable to concentrate on tasks.

A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event seen as causing stress to an organism.[1] Psychologically speaking, a stressor can be events or environments that individuals might consider demanding, challenging, and/or threatening individual safety.[2]

Events or objects that may trigger a stress response may include:

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  • environmental stressors (hypo or hyper-thermic temperatures, elevated sound levels, over-illumination, overcrowding)
  • daily 'stress' events (e.g., traffic, lost keys, money, quality and quantity of physical activity)
  • life changes (e.g., divorce, bereavement)
  • workplace stressors (e.g., high job demand vs. low job control, repeated or sustained exertions, forceful exertions, extreme postures, office clutter[3])
  • chemical stressors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, drugs[specify])
  • social stressor (e.g., societal and family demands)

Stressors can cause physical, chemical and mental responses internally. Physical stressors produce mechanical stresses on skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves that cause tissue deformation and (in extreme cases) tissue failure. Chemical stresses also produce biomechanical responses associated with metabolism and tissue repair. Physical stressors may produce pain and impair work performance. Chronic pain and impairment requiring medical attention may result from extreme physical stressors or if there is not sufficient recovery time between successive exposures.[4][5] A recent study shows that physical office clutter could be an example of physical stressors in a workplace setting.[3]

Stressors may also affect mental function and performance. One possible mechanism involves stimulation of the hypothalamus, CRF (corticotropin release factor) -> pituitary gland releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -> adrenal cortex secretes various stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) -> stress hormones (30 varieties) travel in the blood stream to relevant organs, e.g., glands, heart, intestines -> flight-or-fight response. Between this flow there is an alternate path that can be taken after the stressor is transferred to the hypothalamus, which leads to the sympathetic nervous system; after which the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine.[6] Mental and social stressors may affect behavior and how individuals respond to physical and chemical stressors.

Life requires everyone to make sudden and planned adjustments to meet its demands,[citation needed] but greater demands come with a greater adjustment and possibly[original research?] more stress. Determining the impact of these various stressors allow individuals to decide the relationship between the types of stressors and the degree of distress.[citation needed] Identifying the stressor-stress relationship must involve quantifying the impact of life demands and all stress spurred by it.[citation needed] To do this, the individual will use subjective measures and objective measures, depending on the situation. Individuals determine the degree of adjustment themselves in subjective measures, but a degree of adjustment will be or has already been assigned[by whom?] to the individual in an objective measure. The degrees of adjustment are measured by life change units, where one unit equals a degree of adjustment necessary to cope with the life change.[citation needed] The practice of measuring life change units led to the creation of many scales composed of these units that are tailored to certain life events or situations, such as social readjustment and college students.[7][8] Once the relationship between the stressor (event) and the stress,[sentence fragment] the individual can then begin to focus on the stress magnitude and the stress itself. For life events with a lower magnitude of impact, the ability to cope and adjust may not be very complex and relatively brief. But for others, life events with high magnitudes can impact lives in many ways for an extended amount of time. The various stressors listed above can all have events or stressors that range anywhere from minor to traumatic. Traumatic events involve very debilitating stressors, and oftentimes these stressors are uncontrollable. Traumatic events can deplete an individual's coping resources to an extent where the individual may develop acute stress disorder or even post-traumatic stress disorder. Acute stress disorder is a psychological disorder where a traumatic event that is life threatening or threatens an injury causes a reaction of fear and helplessness lasting up to four weeks. Post-traumatic stress disorder has symptoms of lasting longer than one month, and the first symptom is a history of experiencing a traumatic event followed with a reaction of intense fear, helplessness, or horror. The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in one of these ways: recurrent distressing recollections, dreams, flashbacks, illusions, or a sense of reliving the experience, and distress or physical arousal by reminders of this event. The individual suffers from a persistent avoidance of reminders of the event. People who have been abused, victimized, or terrorized are often more susceptible to stress disorders.[9][10] No matter the magnitude of the stressor and stress, most stressor-stress relationships can be evaluated and determined - either by the individual or a by psychologist. Without proper attention, stress can produce severe effects on mental health and the immune system, which can eventually lead to effects on the physical body. Therapeutic measures are often taken[by whom?] to help replenish and rebuild the individual's coping resources while simultaneously aiding the individual in dealing with the current stressor.

Psychological Stressors[edit]

Stressors occur when an individual is unable to cope with the demands of their environment (such as crippling debt with no clear path to resolving it).[2] Generally, stressors take many forms, such as: traumatic events, life demands, sudden medical emergencies, and daily inconveniences, to name a few. There are also a variety of characteristics that a stressor may possess (different durations, intensity, predictability, and controllability).[2]

Measuring Psychological Stress[edit]

Due to the wide impact and the far-reaching consequences of psychological stressors (especially their profound effects on mental well-being), it is particularly important to devise tools to measure such stressors. Two common psychological stress tests include the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)[11] devised by American psychologist Sheldon Cohen, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)[12] or the Holmes-Rahe Stress Scale. While the PSS is a traditional Likert scale, the SRRS assigns specific predefined numerical values to stressors.

Biological Responses To Stressors[edit]

Traumatic events or any type of shock to the body can cause an acute stress response disorder (ASD). The extent to which one experiences ASD depends on the extent of the shock. If the shock was pushed past a certain extreme after a particular period in time ASD can develop into what is commonly known as Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[13] There are two ways that the body responds biologically in order to reduce the amount of stress an individual is experiencing. One thing that the body does to combat stressors is to create stress hormones, which in turn create energy reservoirs that are there in case a stressful event were to occur. The second way our biological components respond is through an individual's cells. Depending on the situation our cells obtain more energy in order to combat any negative stressor and any other activity those cells are involved in seize.[14]

Predictability and controllability[edit]

When individuals are informed about events before they occur, the magnitude of the stressor is less than when compared to individuals who were not informed of the stressor.[15] For example, an individual would prefer to know when they have a deadline ahead of time in order to prepare for it in advance, rather than find out about the deadline the day of. In knowing that there is a deadline ahead of time, the intensity of the stressor is smaller for the individual, as opposed to the magnitude of intensity for the other unfortunate individual who found out about the deadline the day of. When this was tested, psychologists found that when given the choice, individuals had a preference for the predictable stressors, rather than the unpredictable stressors.[16]

Additionally, the degree to which the stressor can be controlled plays a variable in how the individual perceives stress.[2] Research has found that if an individual is able to take some control over the stressor, then the level of stress will be decreased. During this study, it was found that the individuals become increasingly anxious and distressed if they were unable to control their environment.[17] As an example, imagine an individual who detests baths in the Middle Ages, taking a bath. If the individual was forced to take the bath with no control over the temperature of the bath (one of the variables), then their anxiety and stress levels would be higher than if the individual was given some control over the environment (such as being able to control the temperature of the water).

Based on these two principles (predictability and control), there are two hypotheses that attempt to account for these preferences; the preparatory response hypothesis and safety hypothesis attempt to accommodate these preferences.

Preparatory response hypothesis[edit]

The idea behind this hypothesis is that an organism can better prepare for an event if they are informed beforehand, as this allows them to prepare for it (biologically).[2] In biologically preparing for this event beforehand, the individual is able to better decrease the event's aversiveness.[18] In knowing when a potential stressor will occur (such as an exam), the individual could, in theory, prepare for it in advance, thus decreasing the stress that may result from that event.

Safety hypothesis[edit]

In this hypothesis, there are two time periods, one in which is deemed safe (where there is no stressor), and one which is deemed unsafe (in which the stressor is present).[19] This is similar to procrastination and cramming; during the safe intervals (weeks before an exam) the individual is relaxed and not anxious, and during the unsafe intervals (the day or night before the exam) the individual most likely experiences stress and anxiety.[2]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Sato, Tadatoshi; Yamamoto, Hironori; Sawada, Naoki; Nashiki, Kunitaka; Tsuji, Mitsuyoshi; Muto, Kazusa; Kume, Hisae; Sasaki, Hajime; Arai, Hidekazu; Nikawa, Takeshi; Taketani, Yutaka; Takeda, Eiji (October 2006). 'Restraint stress alters the duodenal expression of genes important for lipid metabolism in rat'. Toxicology. 227 (3): 248–261. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.009. PMID16962226.
  2. ^ abcdefDeckers, Lambert (2018). Motivation Biological, Psychological, and Environmental. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 208-212. ISBN978-1-138-03632-1.
  3. ^ abRoster, Catherine A.; Ferrari, Joseph R. (2019-01-13). 'Does Work Stress Lead to Office Clutter, and How? Mediating Influences of Emotional Exhaustion and Indecision'. Environment and Behavior. 52 (9): 923–944. doi:10.1177/0013916518823041. ISSN0013-9165. S2CID149971077.
  4. ^National Research Council (2001). Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Academy Press. pp. 512. ISBN0-309-07284-0.
  5. ^National Research Council (199). Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Report, Workshop Summary, and Workshop Papers. National Academy Press. p. 240. ISBN0-309-06397-3.
  6. ^'What is Stress?'. S-Cool.
  7. ^Compare:Deckers, Lambert (2005). Motivation: Biological, Psychological, and Environmental (5 ed.). New York: Routledge (published 2018). ISBN9781351713887. Retrieved 4 March 2020. The life change measures were associated with a declining GPA: as life change scores went up, GPA went down. [..] In addition, life changes in recreation, in work responsibilities, and in changing to a new line of work had a greater impact on students with lower GPAs.
  8. ^Deckers Page 215
  9. ^Deckers Page 216
  10. ^Nevid, Spencer, and Greene, et al., 2014
  11. ^Cohen, Sheldon; Kamarck, Tom; Mermelstein, Robin (1983). 'A Global Measure of Perceived Stress'. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 24 (4): 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404. ISSN0022-1465. JSTOR2136404. PMID6668417.
  12. ^Holmes, Thomas H.; Rahe, Richard H. (August 1967). 'The social readjustment rating scale'. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 11 (2): 213–218. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4. ISSN0022-3999. PMID6059863.
  13. ^Bryant, A; Richard (2017). 'Acute stress disorder'. Current Opinion in Psychology. 14: 127–131. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.01.005. PMID28813311.
  14. ^Schneiderman, N; Ironson, G; Siegel, SD (2005). 'Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants'. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 1: 607–28. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141. PMC2568977. PMID17716101.
  15. ^Grillon, C.; Baas, J. P.; Lissen, S.; Smith, K.; Milstein, J. (2004). 'Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events'. Behavioral Neuroscience. 118 (5): 916–924. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.5.916. PMID15506874. S2CID12907188.
  16. ^Lejuez, C. W.; Eifert, G. H.; Zvolensky, M. J.; Richards, J. B. (2000). 'Preference between onset predictable and unpredictable administrations of 20 percent carbon-dioxide-enriched air: Implications for better understanding the etiology and treatment of panic disorder'. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 6: 349–358. doi:10.1037/1076-898x.6.4.349.
  17. ^Zvolensky, M. J.; Eifert, G. H.; Lejuez, C. W. (2001). 'Offset control during recurrent 20 percent carbon-dioxide- enriched air induction: Relation to individual difference variables'. Emotion. 1 (2): 148–165. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.2.148. PMID12899194.
  18. ^Perkins, C. C. (1955). 'The stimulus conditions which follow learned responses'. Psychological Review. 62 (5): 341–348. doi:10.1037/h0040520. PMID13254972.
  19. ^Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). 'Phobias and preparedness'. Behavior Therapy. 2 (3): 207–320. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(71)80064-3.

Further reading[edit]

  • National Research Council. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Report, Workshop Summary, and Workshop Papers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1999.
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Stress in America 2020: A National Mental Health Crisis

November 2020 - Stress in America Press Release: Outcome of presidential election offers little stress relief.

October 2020 - Stress in America Press Release: American Psychological Association sounds alarm about potential long-term impacts for Gen Z; offers ways people can better cope during uncertainty.

There is no question: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on the lives of all Americans, and it will continue to do so. It has disrupted work, education, health care, the economy and relationships, with some groups more negatively impacted than others.

The potential long-term consequences of the persistent stress and trauma created by the pandemic are particularly serious for our country’s youngest individuals, known as Generation Z (Gen Z). Our 2020 survey shows that Gen Z teens (ages 13-17) and Gen Z adults (ages 18-23) are facing unprecedented uncertainty, are experiencing elevated stress and are already reporting symptoms of depression.

We need to act right now to help those who need it, and to prevent a much more serious and widespread mental health crisis.

Stress in America 2020: A National Mental Health Crisis
Survey methods used to collect data for the report.
Reading questions and interpreting results.

Charts and graphs from the Oct. 2020 report.

Sort and filter data from the 2020 Stress in America Survey.
How stress physically affects humans, system by system.

Since 2007, APA has commissioned an annual nationwide survey as part of its Mind/Body Health campaign to examine the state of stress across the country and understand its impact. The Stress in America™ survey measures attitudes and perceptions of stress among the general public and identifies leading sources of stress, common behaviors used to manage stress and the impact of stress on our lives. The results of the survey draw attention to the serious physical and emotional implications of stress and the inextricable link between the mind and body.

Previous Stress in America™ Reports

Stress in America 2020: Stress in the Time of COVID-19, Volume Three (July 28, 2020)

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  • Press release: Majority of Republicans and Democrats reassured by COVID-19 preventative measures but stressed about nationwide

Stress in America 2020: Stress in the Time of COVID-19, Volume Two (June 18, 2020)

  • Press release: More than 80% of Americans report nation’s future is significant source of stress

Stress in America 2020: Stress in the Time of COVID-19 (May 21, 2020)

  • Press release: High stress related to coronavirus is the new normal for many parents

Stress in America 2019: Stress Over Election, Health Care and Mass Shootings (Nov. 5, 2019)

  • Press release: Stress about health care on par with stress related to mass shootings
  • Full report (4MB)

Stress in America: Fear of Mass Shootings (Aug. 15, 2019)

  • Press Release: One-Third of US Adults Say Fear of Mass Shootings Prevents Them from Going to Certain Places or Events
  • Communicado de prensa: Un tercio de la población adulta estadounidense afirma que el miedo a las masacres con armas de fuego les impide ir a ciertos lugares y eventos

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Stress in America: Stress and Generation Z (Oct. 30, 2018)

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  • Press release: Generation Z Stressed about Issues in the News but Least Likely to Vote

Stress in America: Uncertainty About Health Care (Jan. 24, 2018)

  • Press release: Stress About Health Insurance Costs Reported by Majority of Americans, APA Stress in America™ Survey Reveals

Uncertainty About Health Care Infographics

Stress in America: The State of Our Nation (Nov. 1, 2017)

  • Press release : U.S. at 'Lowest Point We Can Remember;' Future of Nation Most Commonly Reported Source of Stress
  • Methodology
  • Video for broadcast news reports : APA CEO and Executive Vice President Arthur C. Evans Jr., on Stress in America findings

The State of Our Nation Infographics

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Stress in America: Coping with Change, Part 1 (Feb. 15, 2017)

  • Press release: Many Americans Stressed about Future of Our Nation
  • Methodology

Coping with Change Infographics

  • Stress About Political Issues
  • Stress About Personal Safety
  • Election Stress Across Geographical Areas
  • Stress Over Police Viiolence Toward Minorities
  • Stress Management Methods Across Genders
  • Common Factors Adding to Stress in the Past 10 Years

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Stress in America: Coping with Change, Part 2: Technology and Social Media (Feb. 23, 2017)

  • Press release: Constantly Checking Electronic Devices Linked to Significant Stress for Most Americans
  • Methodology
  • Appendix: Interpreting data

Technology and Social Media Infographics

  • Constant Digital Connection
  • Technology More Likely to be a Source of Stress for Constant Checkers
  • Common Technology Usage Management Strategies
  • Social Media Worries
  • Technology Dependence Across Generations

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  • Digital guidelines: Promoting health technology use for children
  • Connected and content: Managing healthy technology use

Stress in America: The Impact of Discrimination

  • Press release ( en Español )
  • Report highlights
  • Methodology
  • The impact of discrimination
  • Stress snapshot

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  • Finding emotional support
  • Discrimination
  • Talking to your kids about discrimination
  • Q and A with Gwendolyn Keita, PhD
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Stress in America: Paying With Our Health

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Stress in America ™: Missing the Health Care Connection

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Stress in America™: Our Health Risk

The 2011 Stress in America report was released on January 11, 2012. Join the conversation on Twitter by following @APAHelpCenter and using the hashtag #stressAPA.

  • APA Survey Raises Concern about Health Impact of Stress on Children and Families | En Español

    1. Methodology

  • Stress in America Press Briefing Presentation (PDF, 2 MB) | SlideShare

  • 2009 Stress in America Report (PDF, 368KB)